Placeholder canvas

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE: WHY IT’S A BIG DEAL, HOW IT WORKS, AND WHAT HAPPENS NEXT

On Saturday, the world’s most powerful space telescope blasted off into orbit, headed to an outpost 1.5 million kilometers (930,000 miles) from Earth after several delays caused by technical hitches.

Arianespace’s Ariane 5 rocket with NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope onboard lifted from the launch pad at Europe’s Spaceport, the Guiana Space Center in Kourou, French Guiana, on 25 December. The telescope is the most potent space observatory ever built and is an engineering marvel. It will help answer fundamental questions about the universe, peering back in time 13 billion years.

But what do we know about the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope? Let’s take a brief look:

What’s the big deal?

The James Webb Space Telescope will be the most extensive and most potent astronomical observatory ever to leave the planet, elaborate in its design and ambitious in its scope.

The Webb telescope is so giant that it had to be folded origami-style to fit into the nose cone of the European Ariane rocket for lift-off from the coast of French Guiana in South America. Its light-collecting mirror is the size of several parking spots, and its sunshade is the size of a tennis court. Everything needs to be unfolded once the spacecraft is speeding toward its perch 1 million miles (1.6 million kilometers) away.

Named after the man who led NASA during the space-trailblazing 1960s, the seven-ton James Webb Space Telescope is 100 times more powerful than Hubble.

The 31-year-old Hubble — increasingly creaky but still churning out celestial glamour shots — focuses on visible and ultraviolet light, with just a smattering of infrared light.

As an infrared or heat-sensing telescope, Webb will see things Hubble can’t, providing “an entirely new perspective on the universe that will be just as awe-inspiring,” said Nikole Lewis, deputy director of Cornell University’s Carl Sagan Institute.

Webb will attempt to look back in time 13.7 billion years, a mere 100 million years after the universe-forming Big Bang as the original stars were taking shape. Scientists are eager to see how closely, if at all, these initial galaxies resemble our modern-day Milky Way.

How much does it cost?

At a budget-busting $10 billion, it is the most expensive and also the trickiest, by far, to pull off.

What will it do?

Set to soar after years of delay on Friday, the James Webb Space Telescope will seek out the faint, sparkling light from the first stars and galaxies, providing a glimpse into cosmic creation. Its infrared eyes will also stare down black holes and hunt for alien worlds, scouring the atmospheres of planets for water and other possible hints of life.

How does it work?

Webb requires a considerably bigger mirror spanning 21 feet (6.5 meters) to out-hustle Hubble. It also needs a large canopy to keep sunshine and even reflections from the Earth and moon of the mirror and science instruments. The shiny, five-layered thin shade stretches 70 feet by 46 feet (21 meters by 14 meters), essential for keeping all four devices in a constant sub-zero state — around minus 400 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 240 degrees Celsius).

The most daunting part of the mission is to unlock Webb’s mirror and sun-shield following launch and lock them into the perfect position. The gold-plated mirror consists of 18 motor-driven segments, each of which must be meticulously aligned so they can focus as one.

NASA has never attempted such a complicated series of steps remotely. Many of the mechanisms have no backup, so the failure of any of 344 such parts could doom the mission.

Hubble had its debacle following lift-off in 1990. A mirror defect wasn’t detected until the first blurry pictures trickled down from orbit. The blunder prompted a series of risky repairs by shuttle astronauts who restored Hubble’s sight and transformed the machine into the world’s most accomplished — and beloved — observatory.

Webb will be too far away for a rescue mission by NASA and its European and Canadian partners.

To avoid a repeat of the Hubble fiasco, Zurbuchen ordered an overhaul of Webb after joining NASA in 2016, 20 years into development. Northrop Grumman is the prime contractor.

The sun shield ripped during a practice unfurling. Tension cables for the shade had too much slack. Dozens of fasteners fell off in a vibration test. All this led to more investigations, more delays, and more costs.

Even after Webb arrived at the South American launch site in October, the problems continued. A clamp came loose and jolted the telescope. A communication relay between the telescope and rocket malfunctioned.

What happens next?

Now comes the long-awaited lift-off, set for 7:20 a.m. EST Friday, with fewer spectators expected to travel to French Guiana because of the Christmas Eve timing.

It will take Webb a whole month to reach its intended parking spot, four times beyond the moon. The telescope will keep pace with Earth from this gravity-balanced, fuel-efficient location while orbiting the sun, continuously positioned on Earth’s nightside.

It will take another five months for chilling and checking of Webb’s infrared instruments before it can get to work by the end of June.

The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore operates Hubble and oversees Webb. At least five to 10 years of observing are planned.

What do the experts say?

“That’s why it’s worth taking risks. That’s why it’s worth the agony and the sleepless nights,” NASA’s science mission chief Thomas Zurbuchen said in an interview with The Associated Press.

NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said he’s more nervous now than when he launched on space shuttle Columbia in 1986.

“There are over 300 things, any one of which goes wrong; it is not a good day,” Nelson told the AP. “So the whole thing has got to work perfectly.”

“We’ve been waiting a long time for this,” said the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s planet-hunter Sara Seager. “Webb will move our search for life forward, but to find signs of life, we have to be incredibly lucky.”

“I think that even with all of the hype, the Webb will still exceed expectations,” said the institute’s Ori Fox, who will use Webb to study supernovae or exploded stars. “Many of what are considered Hubble’s most inspiring discoveries were not part of the original plan.”

His colleague, Christine Chen, who will focus on budding solar systems, finds serendipity “perhaps the most exciting aspect” of Webb. “The universe is more weird and wonderful than astronomers can imagine.”

Share your love
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
WhatsApp

Newsletter

Follow Us

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

error: Unauthorized Content Copy Is Not Allowed